SOIL CONSERVATION USING FLY ASH BRICKS

Fly ash, Lime calcined gypsum and sand, with requisite quantity of

Water is mixed in proper proportions which produces slow setting

Cement, the resultant mass pressed is in to bricks of any desired strength. These bricks can be used in building constructional activities instead of common burnt clay bricks. These bricks are lighter in weight and stronger than common burnt clay bricks. The generation of fly ash in India by thermal power stations is more than 100 million tones per annum (in December 2010). One kilogram of coal of fired yields fly ash ranging from 200 to 500 grams. At present only 6% fly ash being utilized.

             180 billion tones of common burnt clay bricks are consumed annually. Approximately 340 billion tones of clay – about 5000 acres of top layer of soil dug out for bricks manufacture. Soil erosion, and emission from coal burning or fire woods which causes deforestation are the serious problems posed by brick industry. The above problems can be reduced some extent by using fly ash bricks in dwelling units.

Demand for dwelling units likely to rise to 80 million units by

year 2015 for lower middle and low income groups, involving an

Estimated investment of $670 billion, according to the Associated

Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Assocha). Demand for dwelling

units will further grow to 90 million by 2020, which would requires a

minimum investment of $890 billion. The Indian housing sector at

present faces a shortage of 20 million dwelling units for its lower middle and low income groups which will witness a spurt of about 22.5 million dwelling, units by the end of Tenth plan period. There is ample scope for fly ash brick and block units.

                    So by using this type of bricks we not only conserve our environment from degradation, also made a positive step to preserve our precious top soils. 

MOTHER PLANET-SOURCE OF ENERGY

If we utilize the whole Energy that was created in a single day in our Planet naturally, then we can power the whole world for 27 years.

                        Considering this the whole world try to utilize this energy. Using Wind, Solar, Tidal & other non-conventional source.

                         However, India only utilizes 4-6% of its non-conventional energy. We as Indian have to do lots of work. If Government of India does not act immediately on this, it will effect our environment as well as our growing economy.

PRECISION FARMING

In India, the soil rather than crop is irrigated. As a result, 70 per cent of the water is wasted, say’s Aloke Adholeya, Director of The Energy Research Institute’s (TERI) Biotechnology & Bioresources Division. Precision farming, however, relies on drip irrigation. “With drips, we just wet the soil near the roots. How much water use is determined by the climate, soil type, crop type & age. The drip system is also used to “fertigate” the crop-disseminate soluble fertilizer-& the extent of fertilizer used depends on the soil’s need.

                               

                                   SOURCE: N.MADHAVAN IN BUSINESS TODAY  

LIGHTING UP

In 1994, nearly half a century after India independence, Mullaria village in Kerala’s Kasargod district still had no access to electricity. In this, it was no different from two thirds of India. Kerosene lanterns lit most homes in the village, darkening walls & blackening lungs. But Mullaria would usher in a quite revolution, thanks to Handattu Harish Hande. An alumnus of IIT-Kharagapur, & PhD in energy engineering from the University of Massachusetts (Lowell). Hande has devised a solar lighting system.

                         It was a visit to the Dominican Republic in 1991, & specifically his exposure to the work of Richard Hansen, which showed Hande how solar energy could transform the lives of the poor. While working on his doctorate, he traveled to the tiny Caribbean nation & saw for himself how Hansen, an American engineer who shifted there in 1984, had used solar energy to provide electricity to thousands of poor Dominicans. Hande decided to do something similar in this own country.

                 (BY-K.R.BALASUBRAMANYAN in Business Today)

ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION

The construction sector is an important part of the Indian economy with a contribution of 10% in GDP and registering an annual growth of 9%. The Indian brick industry is the second largest producer of bricks in the world after China. The brick production in India is estimated at 140 billion bricks, consuming 24 million tonnes of coal along with huge quantity of biomass fuels. The total CO₂ emissions are estimated at 41.6 million tonne accounting for 4.5% of total GHG emissions from India. Brick production in India takes place in small units, using manual labour and traditional firing technologies. Large demand for bricks in urban centers has resulted in mushrooming of brick kiln clusters at the outskirts of major towns and cities. These brick clusters are important source of local air pollution (SPM, SO₂, fugitive emissions, etc) affecting local population, agriculture and vegetation.

                             Apart from air pollution, brick industry also consumes good quality top soil for brick making. The industry is estimated to consume 350 million tonne of top soil every year.

                               The goal of INDIAGREENO project is to reduce energy consumption, and restrict GHG emissions by creating appropriate infrastructure for sustained adoption of new and improved technologies for production and use of resource efficient bricks in India through Durgapur Bricks and Projects. 

CARBON CREDIT

A carbon credit is a generic term meaning that a value has been assigned to a reduction or offset of greenhouse gas emissions. One carbon credit is equal to one tonne of carbon di-oxide, or in some markets, carbon di-oxide equivalent gases. Carbon trading is an application of an emissions trading approach.

 Carbon Footprint: Carbon footprint is a measure of the impact of our activities on the environment, & in particular on climate change. It relates to the amount of green house gases we are producing in our day-to-day lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating, transportation, etc. Our Carbon ‘footprint’ is a measurement of all greenhouse gases we individually produce. It is measured in units of tonne (or Kg) of carbon di-oxide equivalent. A carbon footprint is a total set of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions caused by an organization, event or product. For simplicity of reporting, it is often expressed in terms of the amount of carbon di-oxide, or its equivalent of other GHGs, emitted.

                                   A carbon footprint is made up of the sum of two parts, the primary footprint & the secondary footprint.

                          1. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels including domestic energy consumption & transportation (e.g. car & plane). We have direct controls of these.

                          2. The secondary foot print is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use- those associated with their manufacture & eventual breakdown. To put it very simple-the more we buy the more emissions will be caused on our behalf.      

  

ENVIRONMETAL LEGISLATIONS

THE ENVIRONMENT Protection Act of 1986 (EPA)

 Some Notifications issued under this Act are-

The Environmental Impact Assessment of Development Projects Notification, (1994, amended in 1997):

                                As per the notification all projects listed under schedule I require environmental clearance from the MoEF. Projects under the de-licensed category of the new industrial policy also require clearance from the MoEF. All development projects whether or not under the schedule I, if located in fragile regions must obtain MoEF clearance.

                                Industrial Projects with investment above Rs. 500 million must obtain MoEF clearance & are further required to obtain a LOI (Letter of Intent) from the ministry of Industry & an NOC (No Objection Certificate) from the SPCB & the state forest department if the location involves forestland. Once the NOC is obtained, the LOI is converted into an industrial license by the state authority.

                               The notification also stipulated procedural requirements for the establishment & operation of new power plants. As per this notification, two-stage clearance for the site-specific projects such as pithead thermal power plants and valley projects is required. Site clearance is given in the first stage & the final environmental clearance in the second. A public hearing has been made mandatory for projects covered by this notification. This is an important step in providing transparency & a greater role to local communities.

      

ENVIRONMETAL LEGISLATIONS

THE ENVIRONMENT Protection Act of 1986 (EPA)

 Some Notifications issued under this Act are-

DISPOSAL OF FLY ASH NOTIFICATION (1999):

 Its main objective is to conserve the top soil, protect the environment & prevent the dumping & disposal of fly ash discharged from lignite-based power plants. The salient feature of this notification is that no person within a radius of 50 KM from a Coal or lignite power plant shall manufacture clay bricks or titles without mixing at least 25% of ash with soil on a weight-to-weight basis. For the thermal power plants the utilization of the fly ash would be as follows:

• Every Coal or lignite based power plant shall make available ash for at least ten years from the date of publication of the above notification without any payment or any other consideration, for the purpose of manufacturing ash based products such as Concrete blocks, bricks, panels or any other material or for construction of roads, embankments, dams, dykes or for any other construction activity.
•  Every Coal or lignite based thermal power plant commissioned subject to environmental clearance conditions stipulating the submission of an action plan for full utilization of fly ash shall, within a period of nine years from the publication of this notification, phase out the dumping & disposal of fly ash on landing accordance with the plan.

ENVIRONMETAL LEGISLATIONS

THE ENVIRONMENT Protection Act of 1986 (EPA)

                                                                           The Constitutional provisions are backed by a number of legislations-act & rules enacted by the Parliament or the state legislatures e.g. The Environmental Protection Act of 1986 (EPA).

                            The Environment Protection Act of 1986 came force soon after Bhopal Gas Tragedy & is considered umbrella legislation as it fills many lacunae in the existing environmental legislations. Thereafter a large number of environmental legislations came into existence as the problems began arising. For example, in recent past the use of CNG for public transport vehicles has been made mandatory to improve the air pollution problem of Delhi.

                           This Act is an umbrella legislation designed to provide a framework for the co-ordination of central & state authorities established under the Water (Prevention & control) Act, 1974 & Air (Prevention & Control) Act, 1981. Under this Act, the central government is empowered to take measures necessary to protect & improve the quality of the Environment by setting standards for emissions and discharges; regulating the location of industries; management of hazardous wastes, & protection of public health & welfare.

ENVIRONMETAL LEGISLATIONS

Constitutional Provisions:-

                                             Originally, India constitution did not contain any direct provisions regarding environmental protection. It was only after the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, Stockholm, that the Indian constitution was amended to include protection of the environment as constitutional mandate. The constitution (42^nd amended) act of 1976 has made it fundamental duty to protect and improve the natural environment by introducing clause (g) to article 15A, which thus read, as,

     “It shall be duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers & wildlife & have compassion for living creatures”. 

GREEN PRODUCTS GO ON HOLD IN HARD ECONOMIC TIMES

EDITION-1

In August, Lloyd Alter came up against the limits of his environmental convictions when he had to replace the leaky roof on his house in Toronto.

     “For years, I said I would install a reflective metal roof,” because it helps to reduce heat and lower energy costs during the summer, said Alter, an architect who writes about design for Treehugger, a sustainability-focused website. But “when push came to shove”, he said, “I bought asphalt (one which costs almost half of the metal roof & from a petroleum-based material)”.

      It is the kind of reality check that many eco-conscious consumers face these days. And like Alter, most have resorted to cutting their spending on a variety of items, particularly green products, which typically cost more than their non-green counterparts and can be difficult to justify, or even afford, when budget are tight.

      In a bad economy, what used to seem essential can quickly become optional. At the same time, what was merely fashionable can become a matter of necessity.

BY-STEVEN KURUTZ      

POOR WATER MANAGEMENT UNDER NREGS

Edition-3


As a result of it, construction of new structures in the upper catchments produces negative effects downstream, in the form of reduced flows into tanks and reservoirs (Bachelor et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2008). It is important to mention here that none of the small river basins in the country are gauged (Kumar et al., 2006), with the result that there are no official data on their runoff generation potential. Decentralized water harvesting efforts at the village level, which are un-coordinated at the level of the large watersheds or the river basin, therefore result in over-appropriation of surface water from catchments.
AS TELL IN THE GREAT INDIAN DREAM

POOR WATER MANAGEMENT UNDER NREGS

Edition-2

Implementing water management works under NREGA, on the scale envisaged, has posed major challenges. Corruption in the implementation is rampant. Till March

2001, some 1,138 complaints related to irregularities in implementation of NREGA activities were received, with maximum reported cases from the state of Uttar Pradesh.

Field evidences suggested that spending on some of the water management works has not only been inadequate, but also unwise. For instance, ponds have been dug in areas with scanty rainfall, without conceptualization of factors such as catchments area & sources of recharging (NCAER-PIF, 2009). As matter of fact, residual catchments are hard to find in naturally water scarce regions, where already a large number of small and large water impounding structures exists, including those which are traditional and modern. The flows generated from the natural catchments are already committed for the small & large reservoirs downstream (Kumar et al., 2008).

AS TELL IN The Great Indian Dream

POOR WATER MANAGEMENT UNDER NREGS

Edition-1

National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS).

Works related to water & soil conservation afforestation & land development are given top priority under the NREGS. The water management (WM) works specifically includes: a) Water conservation & Water harvesting, b) Drought proofing, c) Irrigation canals, d) Provision of irrigation facility to land owned by households belonging to SC/ST or to land of the beneficiaries of land reforms/Indira Awas Yojana/BPL families, e) Renovation of traditional water bodies, f) land development, & g) Flood-Control & protection works (Government of India, 2008). During the three-year time period (2006-07 to 2008-09) more than 31.44 lac water management related works have been completed with a total expenditure of 35.9 thousand crore (Sharma 2009). Of this maximum number of works was undertaken on water conservation & water harvesting.

                            The type of water management (WM) activities for which work can be funded (e.g. Water conservation, land development, afforestation, provision of irrigation systems or flood control) are prone to being taken over by wealthier sections of society.

WATER MANAGEMENT

It’s really a matter of supply and demand. While some areas experience flooding, others experience flooding, others experience crippling drought. So how do we make sure we have the right amount of water in the right places at the right times, keeping in mind that treating & transporting water accounts for 2-3% of the world’s energy consumption, & that in the developing countries, energy consumed to supply water may easily eat up half a municipality’s total budget? Well there’s no easy answer, but IT is a good place source, we must accurately measure it first. In addition, a region’s ability to share information has proved effective in other areas where water distribution is a constant struggle. For example, we’re working with Sonoma, California & Cape Cod, Massachusetts in US to create collaboration platforms for information sharing so that water managers can make better decisions about resource allocation. 

WATER MANAGEMENT

Regardless of industry or geography, smarter water management remains an issue faced by everyone on the planet. While the world’s population tripled in the 20^th century, use of renewable water resources has grown six fold. Within the next fifty years, the world population is expected to increase by another 40-50%. With this growth coupled with ever-growing industrialization & urbanization-demand for water could soon outpace the supply. There is a socioeconomic cost associated with water shortage or lack of access to clean, drinkable water. As per some estimates, for every percent of water that becomes unusable, 2000,000 jobs may be lost, which could lead to a 5.7% drop in disposable income on a per capita basis & a 5% increase in government spending. Also, a lack of usable water would have a negative impact across all industries & in all corners of the world. Water deficits, whi8ch are already spurring heavy grain imports in numerous smaller countries, may soon do the same in larger countries like India & China.

WATER MANAGEMENT

It said that water would be the cause of wars in the coming years.
While many people operate on the assumption that water will always be available at affordable rates, and in abundant supplies, the grim truth is that we will likely be hit by a water crisis in the near future. In a book by Charles Fishman ‘The Big Thirst’ tells the story of the small town of Orme, Tennessee, which literally ran out of water in the summer of 2007, prompting the mayor to limit town residents’ water use to a mere three hours of water service per day for months. And every few days, Orem’s fire truck was driven down the road to Bridgeport, Alabama, to fill up its 1,5000-gallon tank, replenishing the town water supply.
Barcelona, Spain, experienced a similar crisis in the spring of 2008, & in 2010, a drought in southwest China left 1 million people without water for themselves or for their 8 million head of livestock. And even today, despite the fact that India experienced a mind-boggling rate of modernization, not one of its major cities provides 24-hours-a-day water, most providing just one or two hours of water a day to tens of million of residents.
Nearly every sector of the economy relies upon the availability of water & shortages could be economically devastating. Power plants, for example, use 201 billion gallons of water daily to generate electricity-that’s more than any other industry, & by most accounts, those numbers are unsustainable.

THE BIG BUSINESS OF POLLUTED AIR*

Edition-2
The certificates are so cheap because emissions trade has a loophole: the sale of indulgences between rich industrialized nations and the rest of the world.
With the money that German common people unknowingly invests in the emissions trade, RWE buys thousand of wood cookers sits in the dusty courtyard behind Patricia Cheelo house: a shiny, hexagonal, Knee-high drum of stainless steel punctured with air holes. All Cheelo needs is a few wooden sticks, which she places in the drum’s combustion chamber. She uses a pan that can be sealed very tightly.
Until recently, Cheelo required two huge sacks of charcoal each month to cook enough for herself, her children and her grandchildren. This would use up more than a third of her monthly income, approx. 28 euros. Thanks to the RWE cooker, which saves 80 per cent energy, Cheelo is now able to save 20 euros.

*By Malte Henk & Jurgen Schaefer

THE BIG BUSINESS OF POLLUTED AIR*

  Edition-1

On a particular day in June 2010, it is 15.64 euros. This is the sum that RWE pays for the right to release 1 tonne of CO2 through the chimneys of Niederaussem.

       The idea of putting a price tag on CO2 originated from the USA. In Kyoto, President Bill Clinton made emissions trading the condition for his ratification of the climate protection agreement. The USA wanted to buy its way out of its CO2 liability. The rest of world agreed-reluctantly-but to no avail. To date, the USA has refused to implement the decisions sanctioned in Kyoto.  On the other hand, the Europeans, who were against the trade in pollution rights, have been operating the World’s largest CO2 market since 2005.

        Emissions trading are based on the assumption that it is irrelevant where exactly in the world pollution reduced; & on the belief that governments cannot bring about the reduction as efficiently as the corporate sector.

      In order to turn polluted industrial air into a tradable commodity, governments have established an account of CO2 certificates for every major polluter in Europe. Each certificate represents the right to release 1 tonne of CO2. In 2010, RWE received about 15 million certificates for Niederaussem. This only covers about half its emissions. When the account is empty, man must either have Niederaussem output reduced-or buy more certificates.

*By Malte Henk & Jurgen Schaefer        

PAPER REFORMERATION

Replacing application paper with online forms

An estimate of the amount of paper used up by application forms every year:-
1. No. of application forms an institution distributes on average every year 5,000.
2. No. of pages the application, along with prospectus comprises 15.
3. No. of paper sheets such as institution uses 75,000.
4. No. of trees cut to produce 75,000 sheets 9.
5. No. of educational institutions in India 100,000.
6. Total number of trees that could be saved annually 900,000.
It is estimated that around 2.5 crore children seek school admission every year, each of them applying to an average of four schools. Thus, around 10 cr. Applications are submitted at the school level alone.